The comparable variation within human populations is 0.5 percent. As mentioned above, gene duplications are a major source of differences between human and chimpanzee genetic material, with about 2.7 percent of the genome now representing differences having been produced by gene duplications or deletions during approximately 6 million years since humans and chimpanzees diverged from their common evolutionary ancestor. About 30 percent of all human proteins are identical in sequence to the corresponding chimpanzee protein. Typical human and chimpanzee homologs of proteins differ in only an average of two amino acids. Single-base-pair substitutions account for about half as much genetic change as does gene duplication. Gene duplications account for most of the sequence differences between humans and chimps. Ī database now exists containing the genetic differences between human and chimpanzee genes, with about thirty-five million single-nucleotide changes, five million insertion/deletion events, and various chromosomal rearrangements.

The article marked the completion of the draft genome sequence. Parts of human chromosome 2 are scattered among parts of several cat and rat chromosomes in these species that are more distantly related to humans (more ancient common ancestors about 85 million years since the human/rodent common ancestor Draft genome sequence of the common chimpanzee Īn analysis of the chimpanzee genome sequence was published in Nature on September 1, 2005, in an article produced by the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, a group of scientists which is supported in part by the National Human Genome Research Institute, one of the National Institutes of Health. A major structural difference is that human chromosome 2 (green color code) was derived from two smaller chromosomes that are found in other great apes (now called 2A and 2B ). Īnother study showed that patterns of DNA methylation, which are a known regulation mechanism for gene expression, differ in the prefrontal cortex of humans versus chimpanzees, and implicated this difference in the evolutionary divergence of the two species. Differences between individual humans and common chimpanzees are estimated to be about 10 times the typical difference between pairs of humans. Several genes involved in hearing were also found to have changed during human evolution, suggesting selection involving human language-related behavior. In December 2003, a preliminary analysis of 7600 genes shared between the two genomes confirmed that certain genes such as the forkhead-box P2 transcription factor, which is involved in speech development, are different in the human lineage. After the completion of the Human genome project, a common chimpanzee genome project was initiated. There are nine other major chromosomal differences between chimpanzees and humans: chromosome segment inversions on human chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 9, 12, 15, 16, 17, and 18. In the human evolutionary lineage, two ancestral ape chromosomes fused at their telomeres, producing human chromosome 2. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes and other great apes have 24 pairs of chromosomes.

The primary difference is that humans have one fewer pair of chromosomes than do other great apes. Human and chimpanzee chromosomes are very alike.

The central chimpanzees retain the highest diversity in the chimpanzee lineage, whereas the other subspecies demonstrate signs of population bottlenecks. The research showed considerable genome diversity in chimpanzees with many population-specific traits. They were all sequenced to a mean of 25-fold coverage per individual. In 2013 high resolution sequences were published from each of the four recognized chimpanzee subspecies: Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes, 10 sequences Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus, 6 sequences Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti, 4 sequences and Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, 4 sequences. Two juvenile central chimpanzees, the nominate subspecies This project was folded into the Great Ape Genome Project. Sequencing began in 2005 and by 2013 twenty-four individual chimpanzees had been sequenced. The Chimpanzee Genome Project was an effort to determine the DNA sequence of the chimpanzee genome. Effort to determine the DNA sequence of the chimpanzee genome

Chimpanzee monkey ape